Category Archives: biology

What is the magic of the third point?

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Catfight Safari

I didn’t seek a share in the house or anything that went along with it. I was drafted for it by my friend, Tim. I had been living in Seattle after graduating from college and came back to southeast Tennessee to help my parents after my mother became ill. The move was abrupt and left me renting a basement room from my parents. Mom’s health stabilized over the next few weeks, and I began looking around for alternative accommodations. I had a lead on a new job by that time too. I had been working on a landscaping crew in Seattle. Landscaping work, however, was harder to come by in the South, so I checked in with a former employer, the local Hibachi steakhouse. I had parted ways with the restaurant on good terms. I thought maybe they would be willing to take me back doing kitchen prep and cleaning up alongside Tim and two of his brothers. I was ready to settle for the same, but lucky for me, Tim stayed with the restaurant after I left, and subsequently got promoted to bartender. He put in a good word for me and may have exaggerated my mixological experience. Soon, I was blending daiquiris in a dress shirt and shiny shoes, behind an air-conditioned bar, for about the same wage as I got for kitchen work, plus tips.

While Tim was orienting me to the new job, I mentioned my living situation to him. He perked up immediately. Destiny must be at work he told me. He was just finishing up a successful house hunt and needed people to sign on for rooms and shares of the rent and deposit. I said yes without a second thought.

The landlord was more responsive than most to cash payments, and we had the place within a week. By that time, 3 others had joined the enterprise. Like me, they were on intermission. They had well-paying jobs. In different circumstances, they might have committed to those jobs and the brands that came with them and become Dan the Welder or Jim the Waiter, for instance. The last step, where the aspirant gave up their soul for security was always semi-voluntary and taken under pressure from various directions. We could put off the big moment because we had education, a little bit of family wealth, and a friendly social network. We were destined for more than socioeconomic stagnation at a decent wage. We had little insight into our fortunes, yet we behaved like we were well aware of the backstop between us and total disaster. The barrier meant that we could be a little lax, take a break from expectations and explore socioeconomic alternatives, like voluntary communal living.

The house sat on the corner of an intersection between a numbered street and a dead-end, frontage road. The single story, brick residence started life as a duplex at some more hopeful time in the distant past. It predated the ‘race riots’ the city strove to deny or, better yet pointedly forget. It was old enough to come with a warning that lead might be present in the paint flakes that fell from the windows whenever we opened or closed them. The floor was not level and sagged in spots to boot. The adjacent houses, as well as those on the next block down, were of similar construction and in similar shape. At the time, my only means of transportation was a motorcycle, and I was glad for it, because the driveway was tiny, and the parking on the street was crowded. Though they looked functional, somewhere around half of the cars parked on the curb never appeared to move. The frontage road dead ended to the west, where it disappeared under a freeway off ramp. Beyond the frontage road to the south, a fence topped with barbed wire secured the railroad tracks.

I was not with Tim when he went to pick up the keys,. He was determined to assimilate to the neighborhood as much as possible. He said that he wanted to set the tone before everybody moved in, and he told me that he wanted to begin the process by introducing himself on behalf of all the tenants, to the neighbor who lived across the numbered street from us. The neighbor was an older gentleman whose ancestors had likely been brought to the region as slaves. He sat on the front porch when I rode by to have a look at our rental before signing my copy of the lease. He did not look particularly interested in what I was doing. He did not look particularly interested in making new friends. Yet he was still probably the best point of contact for the neighborhood. The house up the street from us was vacant, as was the house up the street from his.

The neighbor’s house was smaller than others on the block. It was 2 bedrooms at most. The rest of the space on the lot was taken up by a much larger than normal side yard. At least, we assumed that it was a side yard. We could not see directly into the area, as it was obscured by an 8-foot-high strip of chain-link, unsupported in the middle and leaning towards the sidewalk under the weight of several sheets of three-quarter inch plywood laid loose across the inside of the fencing for its entire length.

I doubted that our neighbor had ever had much of a break from anything, and although none of us asked for our status, and none of us could change it, his experience may have engendered some resentment towards those who could indulge in an intermission. Though I favored my friend’s intention, I suggested that we might let the man across the street make the first move. Tim later informed me that he had paused for a few seconds on the basis of my advice before he went to knock on the door.

We worked evenings, so he picked up the keys for our rental late in the day. It was dark when he crossed the street. No one was on the porch, and all the windows were black. He had just stepped across the sidewalk when the plywood sheets slammed against the chain-link fencing just a few feet to his left. Horrible growling, snapping, and scrabbling sounds followed the impact . He bolted back across the street and hid in the rental house until the sounds died down. He never went back to knock on the door, and he never wavered in his assessment that whatever lurked behind that plywood, it was no dog.

Once everyone moved in, we quickly stopped bothering with the neighborhood. We lost interest partly because we found other, more immediate concerns, and partially because we realized that the neighborhood was not concerned with us, or anybody else, who lived there. The occupants of all the nearby houses were bound by a tacit agreement to, more or less, mind their own business. For our part, we took care where we parked. I never cranked the throttle until I got my motorcycle out of the area. The bimonthly parties stayed in the house, including the ethanol fireballs, card games, and fighting.

We gave nothing and we took nothing. After a few months, when our commitment to the pact of benign indifference, was unquestionable the neighborhood sent us a liaison. Tim insisted that he heard a knock, but when he opened the door, all he found on the threshold was a somewhat undersized, sick looking, black-and-white male cat. Without a sound or an upward glance, the animal just walked right into our kitchen, limping on his right front leg. When he reached the middle of the room, he flopped down on the linoleum and looked up at us. We stood by for a minute or two with the door propped open while he failed to find a reason to go back outside.

It became apparent over the next 48 hours, that he was there to stay. He was a good cat. He was very calm and would sit by you on the couch without ever inviting himself onto your lap. He never stole food from the counter or squeegeed your face with his tail. Tim invested in a vet visit which revealed that the cat did not have feline leukemia virus, but did have a bite wound which had healed over a bone infection in his right elbow. The cat even took the pills for his infection without too much fuss. Since he had obviously been socialized before he arrived on our doorstep, we made a reasonable effort to find out if he belonged to someone else in the vicinity. We put up signs on a few telephone poles, but never received any inquiries.

Once he was clearly ours, we set about finding him a name. Nothing really seemed to fit though. His personality was thoroughly feline, so something like “Jim Bob” or “Melvin” was out of the question. He wasn’t particularly fat or bony. He didn’t have any really distinctive markings. He wasn’t especially lazy or rambunctious. We decided to table the matter until something happened to show us the way. We would not have to wait long.

The cat was getting a drink from his water bowl, which sat on a windowsill at the far end of the kitchen counter. In the garbage can below, the empty bottle of antibiotic sat atop the trash. The kitchen window looked out across the alleyway to the building behind us. Another cat appeared in a lower-level window of that building. The interloper showed no signs of hostility, and judging by its behavior, may not have even seen us watching it. Our cat exploded in a screeching, growling, hissing fury. He slapped at the window as if blows to the image could transmit the force of his hatred indirectly to the other cat. He remained transfixed by rage until his enemy jumped down from the windowsill and disappeared into the neighboring house.

The sounds of murder had drawn a crowd in the meantime. We stared dumbfounded at our mascot, who now sat calmly licking his foot.
Tim spoke for the crowd in summary, “Jesus fucking Christ!”
And so our cat had a name.
In the interest of comity, we agreed to limit the use of his full name to conversations between housemates alone. In all other circumstances, JFC would suffice. His transformation repulsed the others. I was fascinated. Something so dramatic must mean something. I could not imagine what force could completely and immediately overturn a personality, especially without an existing foothold in the nature of the affected individual.

At that point, we should have kept JFC inside. But the concept of an indoor cat was unfamiliar to us, so we did not block him when he slipped between our feet as we left the house, and some of us even let him out when he begged at the door. I’ll admit, I should have restrained myself, but I was one who let him out whenever he asked, and I took every opportunity to follow him when he went out. He never travelled far. Sometimes he would just slink around the backs of nearby buildings and alleyways. More often, he would duck under the railroad fence. The vast majority of his excursions consisted of sniffing tours around curbs and stairwells punctuated by an occasional spritz of urine on the walls. Sometimes however, he encountered another cat and that was why I was along. Inevitably a fight ensued. The sheer violence was compelling enough, but as I became accustomed to the shrieking and the swirling chunks of fur, I discovered a pattern in these conflicts. I needed to learn more, so I began to venture into the alleyways and through holes in the railroad fence without JFC in the lead. This was easy enough in the neighborhood. I’d take a beer with me and sit down on one of the garbage cans to wait for the action. If someone walked by or came out of a door, I was protected by the pact of benign indifference. As soon as people recognized me they went back to their own business. The same was not true of the railyard. I had to skulk around like the cats themselves when I went there. Security was easy enough to evade in that era, and the very best fights happened in the isolated corners of the yard, so I ended up spending most of my nights out sitting in the shadows of stacked ties and surplus freight cars listening for yowling or footsteps.

I learned a lot. Of course, cat fights basically depended on angle and anticipation, like any other fight. There was much more beyond the basics though. All fights began with growling and shrieking. Intense scrutiny accompanied the noise and prompted subtle shifts in position. Each cat was waiting for the other to experience a brief lapse in concentration. Cats are prone to such lapses, so it was a worthwhile tactic. When the other cat’s nose twitched or their gaze shifted slightly, the aggressor leapt. An ideal pounce would land the jumper on his enemies back, well positioned to deliver a bite to the spinal column or the back of the skull. A cat’s long, relatively thin, and gently curved canines were perfect for that purpose, and it was how they killed larger prey.

The bite never worked on other cats however. The defender reacted by rolling onto his back and fending off the leap with his hind legs, while attempting to get a grip on the opponent’s upper body with his front claws. When the defense worked perfectly, the combatants ended up on their sides, facing each other. From that position, they both launched raking attacks with their back feet while attempting a bite to the shoulder. Since the claws on the back feet got used for running and jumping, the tips were not very sharp, and the raking attacks resulted in loss of belly fur, and not much more. The biting option was fraught. A successful bite on an opponent’s shoulder left the attacker open to a similar move.

Sometimes a cat would just accept the return bite and try to work their teeth deeper into the opponent’s shoulder, wagering that the additional pain would make the other cat let go. However they played it, the position was unstable. Most of the time one or the other would try to break out of it and get back on his feet. Several maneuvers were possible when escaping the face-to-face, recumbent position. The best ones ended up with the attacker standing perpendicular to the defender with the defender on his back. From that position, the attacker had a couple of options. First, he could try for an elbow bite. If executed safely, an elbow bite was much more effective than a shoulder bite. It stood a better chance of disabling the leg, and it was much more painful, since it meant teeth digging into bone. Though the cats could not factor it into their strategy, by the same token, an elbow bite would frequently result in a bone infection like JFC had suffered.

It was difficult to achieve a safe elbow bite however. Positioning for the bite left the attacker open to a similar bite in response, like the situation with the shoulder bite. And as with the shoulder bite, some cats would simply accept the return bite to deliver the attack. More often, the attacker went for a neck bite instead. From the standing, perpendicular position, the front and middle of the opponent’s neck were theoretically accessible. Because of the anatomy in the area, a bite to those structures was very difficult to achieve in practice. All the defender had to do was tuck his chin a little bit and the bite would land on the cheek or the side of the face in front of the ear. That outcome was still a good one. A face bite could injure the jaw muscles, and typically resulted in quite a bit of bleeding. Moreover, it blocked the return bite.

The fights carried on for anywhere from half a minute to half an hour. I typically had trouble predicting who would yield based on injuries sustained. Both cats came away with bite wounds. Often, it was simply down to which cat was more enthralled by its own aggression, and so willing to suffer the injury. As an outsider examining the phenomena objectively, I knew that it all boiled down to territory, which really meant access to female cats. But the combatants couldn’t see that. They felt the push and pull of fury, pain, and fear, which were driven in turn by chemicals in their bloodstream and in their brains, which were driven in turn by genes.

The genetic forces would balance themselves out across the population regardless of what happened to the individual cats and even if someone could wave a magic wand and bestow clear and complete understanding of the situation upon the cats, they lived for the sensations and would do no different. Now, it was my turn to feel repulsed.

I stopped going to the railyard, which towards the end of my catfight investigations, had become an almost daily event. As a result, I was hanging around the house a lot more, and noted some deterioration in the atmosphere. Camaraderie had taken a beating. None of the housemates would deny that, but none of us understood the implications. We didn’t understand that camaraderie, as the sentiment resulting from a commitment to the well-being of one’s fellows, served as the foundation for any group effort, including communal living.

The decay of foundational sentiment began where it always does, in the refrigerator. At the beginning, when the household was solid, we shared food with each other, and even prepared group meals on occasion. As the novelty wore off, extravagant meal prep came to feel more like a chore than a celebration. Inequities in food sharing developed. A couple of the tenants began eating out almost exclusively. If they needed a snack, there was no recourse other than what was in the fridge, which was necessarily other people’s food. Eventually, those of us who still ate at home resorted to hiding our supplies. Most of us accepted that nothing was safe in the refrigerator and switched entirely to nonperishable foods. Two of us continued to stock the fridge. One of those diehards secured his food with padlocks attached to ammo cans from the Army surplus store. For things which did not fit the containers, he attached the following note, “Would I poison something just to prove a point? Have a taste and find out.”

The next thing to go rotten was the housework. When everyone first moved in, we drew up the customary list of chores to be assigned on a rotating basis. When food violations progressed to the point where some housemates resorted to dining out exclusively, dishes began to accumulate in the sink. Additionally, fast food bags, plastic utensils, and pizza boxes built up on the counter and on the tables. The backlog of cleaning got worse and worse until somebody broke and took care of it all themselves in a single Herculean effort which left them resenting all the slackers. By the time I had finished my research with the cats, the chore rotation calendar, whose completion constituted the final chore, was blank going back several months.

Occupancy of the house grew progressively unstable. Some of those who were paying rent, barely came by anymore. To them, the place had become an expensive shower and closet. As the main signer on the lease, Tim had to track these people down and get the money from them in person. That wasn’t easy, because most of them were sleeping in various places on a weekly or even nightly basis. Our house became one of those places for other people. If friends of friends had come over the night before to drink or throw darts or wrestle on the living room carpet, it was not surprising to find several of them still there in the morning, sleeping on the couch or the floor, or perusing the fridge for breakfast items which appeared least likely to be spiked with strychnine.

JFC was a constant in the flux. Stuck with the household through its devolution. He didn’t seem to mind strangers picking him up. He would help with the cleanup of edible scraps, and when his litter box got full and did not get cleaned for a week at a time, he would go outside instead of making a mess in the house. Yet he was becoming a problem at the same time. Unlike me, he had not stopped attending the cat fights. He kept coming back with hematomas and abscesses. Some of these injuries required expensive veterinary services. Evolutionary forces had shaped the cats to survive their fights. Those same forces made him a good companion which pushed us to care for his health and so inadvertently ensured that he was in tip top shape for the next round.

A similar set of forces propped up the house in its devolved state. From the outside, it looked like one out-of-control, endless party. It had such a large pool of prospective occupants that on any given night someone with some claim on the right to flop would have steam to blow off. For those of us who still slept there for most nights of the week, the transient population became a concern, because most of them did not know about the pact. Neighbors up the street had to come by a couple of times to ask us to keep the volume down. The visits were brief, and not overly friendly, but through those brief conversations, we solved the mystery of the others’ relative invisibility. They were working up to 3 jobs each. Some of these were combinations of full and part-time jobs, and some were multiple part-time jobs, all carefully stitched together so that, in theory, if a person immediately fell asleep at the end of their last shift, they could get a full 8 hours of sleep before the next shift began. When they got home, they went straight to bed, and when they woke up, they went straight to work.

Without any conversation or formal agreement, several of us took it in turns to referee nighttime activities. We did whatever it took to keep the noise down. For reasons less clear, our devolution piqued the interest of the neighbor across the street as well. We never exchanged a single word with the man, but he took to sitting out on his porch again, almost every night. He drank from a Mason jar while he stared at the goings-on and chuckled to himself now and then. He would sit there until late in the night or until someone waved to him. He would then return the gesture with a wave hello which turned into a wave get lost, whereupon he stood up laughing quietly and shaking his head, as he staggered back into his house. I kept it to myself, but I knew why he kept watch over the disintegration across the street. Somehow, he knew bootleggers who brought him moonshine to power his vigil. He somehow survived in the face of malicious neglect meted out by the society writ large and his relations in particular. He kept the embodiment of blood thirsty rage in the side yard, just for spite. He watched chaos overcome until he became it himself. Our comedy alone brought him satisfaction, but It seems he lost interest after a couple of months, because he returned to his hermitage, and nobody saw him ever again. We wouldn’t have noticed except a 2nd generation housemate, who had formally taken over rent payments from one of the originals, mentioned it to us. He brought it up because he was planning to walk across the street and check on the old guy. He had exchanged waves with the man once or twice during the emergence, and had the weird notion that there was some kind of bond between them.

The conversation with the 2nd generation fellow came about in the first place because we were trying to formally hand over responsibility for rent by that time. During the slide into disorder, most of us had quietly been looking for alternative accommodations. We’d seen the writing on the wall. The situation was going to continue to deteriorate until some disaster ensued, or the remaining housemates were evicted. Intermission was over. It was time for the backstop to gobble us up. None of us were ever going to feel compelled by cat-like sentiments distilled from indifferent evolutionary forces, not in that house or anyplace else. Better to get it over with. Before he ended the conversation, the gen2 guy mentioned that no one had seen JFC for a couple days. They had set his food and water outside, and it had been consumed, but they couldn’t be sure by who.

Tim decided to stay over to try and find the cat. He heard about the results of the welfare check on the old man across the street. The monster was still behind the plywood. Nobody answered the door. Our detective even had the guts to walk around the side of the house and knock on some windows there. He had seen no sign of life.

On the morning of the 3rd day, the cat returned. Tim found him on the back porch by the door, laid out on his side, panting. The vet confirmed a recurrent bone infection. It was in the same elbow as before, but it was much more extensive. He could take antibiotics again, but even then, there was no guarantee that the leg would not need amputation. The whole process was going to be expensive. Tim was exasperated. He was not going to go on subsidizing the cat’s stupidity. He was also unable to find some sucker to take JFC off his hands.

So, JFC died by lethal injection. Really, it wasn’t the potassium infused directly into his heart that killed him. He died from a shift in those indifferent forces which drove him to fight and us to take care of him. He was a martyr because of that, but he was a sort of champion as well. No matter the consequences, JFC heeded the call of those forces and stayed true to the end. I am sure that if we amputated his leg, he would have hopped right back to the fights.

A week or so after we killed JFC, the remainder of the original housemates packed up and formally vacated the premises. We went on to various occupations and living situations, but wherever we went, we became more and more subject to the expectations of other people. With time, martyrdom and triumph passed out of reach entirely. The original housemates did not keep in touch. The whole enterprise felt more like a bad experience as it faded into the past. For my part, once adequate time had elapsed, I felt the desire to watch cat fights again.

It was different upon return, and more like what I imagined that the Romans felt when they watched slaves and captive animals tear each other to pieces. I wanted to see them fight despite themselves. I wanted to see them driven to kill an enemy who had inherited the capacity to survive all their attacks. And when they walked away with their bite wounds festering, I wanted to feel sorry for them and feel for a moment like I was above it all.

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This again?

“Life! Don’t talk to me about life!”

Marvin the robot

My day began with a woman on the radio proclaiming a great victory for life. For the first time in a long time, a world in which no unborn child got murdered looked to her like a real possibility. Her statement contained a pile of red hot words, resting on one simple word: life. Let us be as clear as possible about the definition of life, because those who have adopted the label “pro-life” will not be. When they talk about life, they don’t mean to talk about biochemistry, they mean to talk about the soul. They mean to talk about all those little souls, bearing some indefinite relationship to little bundles of cells. Via that bond, the soul somehow sanctifies an embryo, while remaining completely uninvolved with biochemistry. What follows are the familiar discontents of substance dualism.

Like most of the pro-life crowd, the woman on the radio barged past the interaction problem and its implications with loud assertions. I got the sense that she may not have fully appreciated those implications herself, and so the rhetorical bum rush may have been a means of self defense as much as it was an offensive tactic.

Poor insight is no excuse though. She deserves the heap of scorn coming her way. Yet she doesn’t bear sole responsibility for her inconsistency. She no doubt labors under the influence of a defective definition of biology. In school, she probably learned a series of rhetorical tautologies (life is organism, organism is metabolism plus reproduction) in her biology classes which amounted to saying, “life is what biologists study”. Nor is biology unique in that regard. All of the sciences have backfilled their metaphysics.

Yet, the associated metaphysics is what really interests us. Though it is fantastic to know about the microscopic structure of the wood in the ship of Theseus, what we really want to know is not the composition of the planks, but the defining relationships of those boards in context. The planks are the ship of Theseus because they floated around the Aegean trod upon by Greek heroes, not simply because the boards consist of a cellulose polymer capable of floating around the Aegean while being trod upon by Greek heroes.

Life is not the Krebs cycle or the DNA in a blastocyst’s nucleus, and it is certainly not some vital substance wafting about, indefinable in principle, and opaque in its activity. Life is what sustains defining change across circumstances. In other words, it is the fulcrum of a dynamic equilibrium. Consider a bacterium in a nutrient broth. Energy from the broth translates into new molecules like the molecules which came before in the cell wall, ring chromosome, and cytoplasm of the bacterium. Having built up enough substrate, bacterium divides, relaying its balance point on through time and space. Then someone drops an antibiotic into the broth. Energy from the broth stops flowing into new substrate and shifts to the activation of efflux pumps. That’s life.

If the organism is overcome, it becomes adrift in its circumstances. Once its equilibrium gets tipped too far, it cannot make its way through the broth or the antibiotic exposure with its causal explanations intact.It’s molecules react with surrounding molecules based on ambient energy states. It cedes all its explanations to whatever is floating around with it in the broth. It is dead.

Beyond this stark boundary between life and death, lies an expansive liveliness. There is life that sails almost where it will (humans), life within life (Portuguese man of war, bees, lichen), and life explicable only in context (prions, chlamydia, embryos).

Embryos live strictly within the lives of their mothers. Embryo explanations require mothers. Embryo explanations do not require souls. Until someone comes up with an effective description of the soul and its relationship to a little ball of cells latched onto the endometrium, the soul remains an inert addition – an epiphenomenon at best. This is a problem which the pro-life fools can’t shout down or blow past. Because the problem with epiphenomena is that there is nothing really tying them down. They don’t do anything, so they can fill in wherever. The unknowable nature of the zygotic soul can justify whatever, from bombs to prayers. It’s a wonder that something so flimsy could ground a social movement of such size. The truth is though, it doesn’t.

The target of the pro-life movement has always been the women, as one might guess given the nature of trans placental relationship.

The vacuous nature of pro-life rhetoric needs exposure, so that we can get to the real purpose of that rhetoric, which is control. People in the pro-life movement are not really interested in the biology of human development, or even bioethics. Instead, they are interested in other people’s stories. Because their own narratives, jumbled as they are with souls, sins, and angels, are so weak, the pro-lifers see divergent narratives as invalidating. Accordingly, they try to curtail divergent narratives wherever they can.

That is the motivation behind the pro-life movement. I doubt that this motive is ever articulated within the ranks. I suspect it is held more as a feeling, which makes it even more dangerous. A stated policy can be confronted, criticized, and torn down. Opposition to a feeling is personal. Furthermore, feelings tend to take on lives of their own. Clarence Thomas is already telling us what comes of persistent, unleashed insecurity. Listen to him, and the rest, and then call them out.

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The myth of the free range human

… Is a myth that I, as much as anyone, wish were true. My dream is to have a little place in the middle of nowhere, off the grid, with a couple of greenhouses, a composting toilet, a 12gauge loaded with rifled slugs, and a pair of vicious dogs. The truth is though, the only way to realize my dream involves relying on things made on the grid. Even after I am established, I’m going to need things from town – in other words, from other people – to maintain my little homestead.

One might argue that my situation is artificially contrived. Nobody asked me to begin in the middle of a civilization, I was just born here. I had no part in constructing it, and I am quite justified in feeling that the whole thing could’ve turned out a lot better than it did. But that would be wrong too. We are all stuck with something like what we’ve got. It’s inscribed in our genome. When my children were born, I did not have to give them any special instruction in speech and language. I simply talked to them, and soon enough, they began to speak. That’s because they have special structures in their brains which are receptive to language learning. We are social animals, and there’s no getting around that.

We are stuck with a duality. We are fully individual, but we can only realize our individuality by way of our social nature. There are no arts, sports, or academics without other people. And as social creatures, we direct our communal effort towards the full expression of individuality. From the isolated point of view of the collective, arts, sports, and academics are a waste of resources, yet we pursue such things as a group because of their benefits to the individual participants.

The dialectic of the social individual permeates all of our institutions, even medicine. Medical professionals treat patients one by one, but on the basis of the statistical effectiveness of each treatment. In fact, our most effective treatments – interventions involving nutrition, sanitation, and immunization – purely play collective odds to benefit an individual patient’s health.

By the same token, our best treatments are not things done to the patient by the physician. Our best interventions require the participation of the individual, and the exercise of individual virtues like patience, generosity, and courage. The current pandemic is a perfect example. Public health institutions aim to immunize the population, in the hopes of preventing individual tragedies.

Libertarians object to such collective efforts, in defense of individual integrity. But this is where the dialectic flips. To exercise individual virtues, and so maintain individual integrity, each person should participate in the treatment. The failure to do so does not demonstrate rugged individualism, but mean spirited cowardice.

In defense of individual integrity, our society allows meanness and cowardice. Nobody is going to hold someone else down and give them a shot. But neither is anyone obliged to give credence to all the excuses and objections expressed when measures are taken to mitigate the collective effect of failed individual character.

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Revelations

In terms of what we know and how we know it, we are really no better off than scorpions, who are guided by shadows, cthonic vibrations and the fading scents of long gone passersby. For example, if I have a headache, I take some ibuprofen. I believe it will help me because I know how it works. I learned about the mechanism of action in my chemistry classes, and in subsequent review of the medical literature. But I have never seen the chemical do what those sources say it does. Nobody has seen ibuprofen at work, because the molecules are too small, and the reactions are too fast. However, there are ways to magnify the actions of the chemicals in question, so that those actions may be observed indirectly.

I have not even done that. I have read papers and listened to people who explained how they carried out those observations. Having compared their methods to the methods which I learned in chemistry classes and validated in the lab, I believed their report.

Therefore, I take the pills from the bottle labeled ibuprofen when I have a headache, and expect relief. As I choke down the maroon tablets, I act on a belief even more flimsy than the notion that ibuprofen will help my headache in the first place. I have no idea how the pills were made, and no way to know whether they contain ibuprofen at all. Within an hour, my headache is better.

I keep taking ibuprofen from those types of bottles, because it keeps making my headache go away. Maybe someday, I will unknowingly take a cyanide tablet instead. The risk is negligible though. The same biochemists, pharmacists, and physicians who taught my classes, and subsequently formed my beliefs about ibuprofen’s effect on pain, have declared their commitment to assuring the integrity of those maroon tablets in the bottle labeled ibuprofen on the drugstore shelf. The company that makes those pills has also committed to the recommendations of the biochemists, pharmacists, and physicians regarding the purity of the pills, and the company charges a price which reflects its commitment to giving me ibuprofen, the listed dose of ibuprofen, and nothing but ibuprofen in the bottle.

Philosophers have contended that knowledge is justified, true belief. It turns out though, that truth is probably too small for that purpose. Yet even without truth as a necessary condition, we know something. We go to sleep without fear of never waking again. We take one step after the other confidently, apparently certain of the ground’s persistent solidity. We move about justified by an interlocking network of constant correlations. Any single one of those correlations may be dubious, but taken as a consistent whole they support actionable beliefs – knowledge.

Like the scorpions’, our basics seem pretty janky. Nevertheless, though we are occasionally crushed by a boot or have to sting our way out of a situation, we survive for the most part, and even manage to snag an invigorating insect or two along the way.

It is possible to doubt a functional view of knowledge however. Anything less than absolute certainty merits some doubt. I think about that stray cyanide tablet now and again. Yet, I don’t doubt the justifying power of consistency built of constancy. I know that my pills are ibuprofen even though they might, in principle, be cyanide. Doubt in the method of justification itself invites fear, and fear is contagious.

Such doubt in our body of knowledge, driven by attendant fear, has spread in the populace recently. In place of functional knowledge – beliefs justified by their ties to a massive network of constant correlations – the afflicted strive to reclaim truth as their foundation for knowledge. They cast about the culture for a suitable candidate, what they find is revealed truth. Revealed truth has always lurked about in the cultural murk. Religion harbors it, but not the superstitious type of religion which one might reflexively suspect of such activities. The God of the Old Testament felt the need to carve a tablet, burn a bush, and drop some manna now and again. Revealed truth instead finds refuge with the more philosophical types. Think divine command theory or moral intuitionism.

Revealed truth acts something like Platonic form. Taken as a form, a circle is not a good model, it is the underlying reality which the flawed material of our world imperfectly represents. The circle itself is not the stuff of experience. Revealed truths differ from forms on that point, though. Revealed truths can be apprehended, and so blur the line between analytic and synthetic truths. The statement, “all unmarried men are bachelors”, is an analytic truth. The statement, “Bob is a bachelor”, is a synthetic truth. The statement, “Bob is an inherently unlovable person” is a revealed truth. On the same basis, what the Bible says is true because God wrote the Bible, which we know because it says so in the Bible. It is a truth by definition, but only in reference to a given assertion, in this case that an infallible God is the Bible’s author.

With revealed truth in hand, a person can know something with absolute certainty again. The result is appealing. We needn’t waste our time on the uncomfortable task of finding a date for Bob. We know what he is now.The problem with revealed truths should be obvious at this point. Such givens undercut justification. Consistency with the constancies does not matter anymore, only consistency with the given. If Bob actually gets married, we already know that the marriage is a sham. What remains is to discover the structure of the sham.

The justifying structures are easily built, and unassailable, since they have a given between themselves and any assault. The givens themselves are not beliefs, but natural conditions or kinds revealed by an authority, whether it be an intuition or the speech of a erstwhile prophet. Pick your definitive source; there are no limits.

This spoiled conception of knowledge has spread, generating Q anons, Antifas, and vaccine microchips. Similar epidemics have washed over us in the past. They never last, because eventually, the pragmatic view of knowledge outlasts them. Knowing the spells tucked in their jackets will protect them from bullets, a few of the participants in the Boxer Rebellion manage to avoid being shot. Most die. The scorpion who knows that he can wander around in the daytime because he feels the protective hand of God upon him will survive, for a while. The patient on the ventilator may know that Covid is a hoax because evil people lie, and evil people told him about Covid. He will still drown.

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The Other Senses

We humans have a visual bias. Experiments have demonstrated our preference for sight, but there is no need for experiments. “The proof of the pudding is in the eating,” not the tasting, but “Seeing is believing,” they say. Whenever we want to illustrate something, well, we illustrate it. Our language and culture reify vision. Even our metaphysical discussions are rife with visual references: consider Mary the color scientist, spectrum inversions, and Gettier problems.

Our belief in seeing privileges our sense of sight relative to our other senses, and we are likely to take its instruction more seriously. We wave off any perceptual conundrums arising from our other senses as foibles of inferior organs. But we should take our nonvisual phenomena more seriously, for they have lessons for us if we do.

Those lessons start at the bottom, with our sense of smell. Though it is our crudest sense, and arguably the one sensory modality that we could most do without, the structure of smell has weighty implications. Olfactory neurons each bear a single kind of receptor. The odors we experience are mediated by activation of a set of receptors entirely. The number and distribution of that activation determines everything about a smell: its intensity, favorability, and motivational power. An odor is something which can be described, but not named. There is no equivalent to “red” in our odor palette. However, there are good and bad smells, and as with moral qualities (supposedly), smells are intrinsically motivating on the basis of their goodness and badness.

That motivational power lies in the smell itself. A chemical in a test tube which smells like a steaming pile, produces the same revulsion as the smell of a steaming pile itself. It is tempting to say that the odor of the chemical in the test tube is just an olfactory misrepresentation of crap. The common scent is supposed to smell just as it does, though. The smell is a conjunction linking an aversive mood, and things to be avoided. The smell and the mood are about a broad landscape, stretching over memory, history coded in our genetics and cultural instruction, all mediated by a particular pattern of receptor activation.

A similar sort of two-directional representation occurs in our auditory experience. The organ which generates auditory nerve signals, the cochlea, is tuned to the range of the human voice. The structures at the auditory end of the line are primed to respond directly to voices and music, and indirectly, to stimulate an emotional response to voices and music. As with smell, when hearing evokes a mood, it builds a memory of itself and its circumstances on a broad and sturdy base. A good framework improves the recollection’s relevance, and therefore its odds of survival. Here is another temptation. Fans of evolutionary psychology and divine teleology may see the beginnings of a good story in this structure. But those sorts of stories are unnecessary, and far beyond the point, which is: our hearing shapes the map of our experience in terms of words and music, as much as it recognizes musical and linguistic experiences.

The other senses break down the uni-directionality of representation, but even further, they blur the internal/external division itself. Taste receptors give us the sensations of sweet, salt, sour, bitter, and umami. Our conscious experience of taste locates those sensations on the tongue. But there are taste receptors for bitter and sweet in the pharynx, and sweet taste receptors throughout the intestinal tract. Those sweet receptors attach to neurons which do not reside in the central nervous system, but instead, lie in the intestinal tract itself, and the pancreas. Though these sense organs have no direct connections to the central nervous system, they still contribute to conscious experience. They simply do so via the adjacent somatosensory system.

Our somatic senses are a bit of a jumble. As a whole, they are the thing that represents our status. Though there are a few specialized sense organs in the system, it mostly relies on bare nerve endings and chemical signals built in to the tissues surrounding the nerve endings. This sense tells us where our limbs are, and what each appendage is doing. The somatosensory system lets us know when our gallbladder is on the fritz, and, indirectly, when we are hungry or full..

Though they are rarely the center of our conscious attention, our somatosensory experiences are always present in our conscious states. If I interrupt Dr. Penrose’s visualization of a 5 dimensional object, he will immediately be able to tell me whether he is standing or sitting, feeling hungry, feeling warm or cold, fit or tired. Somatosensory experience serves as the shade tree, grass, and sky in the painting of our phenomenal picnic.

Of all the senses, our somatic sense most effectively dissolves the boundary between what is internal and what is external. Because, our hunger is apparently our hunger. Our cold is our cold. These are things that seem to incorrigibly belong to us, just like our thoughts or our moods.

The thought that any of these things belong to us is a bit off anyway. Words and music, hunger, thought, and mood are constituents, but there is no separable “us” to which they may belong. We come by this error regarding identity via our most favored sense. Because we rely so heavily on vision, we confer an unmerited degree of independence to our visual experiences. We conceive of sight as purely received information, which given the limitations of the medium, naïvely represents an unconditioned reality. The plain truth gets transmitted through our optic nerves, into the dark room behind our eyes for the viewing pleasure of a little man in front of his little screen – the real us. Visual realism leads to other mistakes in its turn, regarding what is real and what is not. We begin to believe that numbers may be real because our eyes see objects as very discrete. Geometric shapes may seem real because we are able to depict them visually. A separate observer made up a separate stuff must sit behind our eyes to validate the reality of our visions. Our other senses beg to differ. They give as good as they get. Their contributions to our experience only make sense in reference to our global experience itself and do not rest on some outer, hard surface. Our world may be a ship sustained by the tension of its own spars, but it works for us – better than a brittle realism would.

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The E-Word

Last night, the wife and I brewed up some nice Medicare mimosas (that’s orange Metamucil with a pinch of MiraLAX for those who don’t know, yet) and sat down to watch a documentary on the desktop. It was my night to choose, so we didn’t watch the National Geographic folks anthropomorphizing the animal of the week. Instead, we watched something interesting on PBS. It’s an old series imaginatively entitled “The Brain”. It’s really very good, except for one thing. Within the first few minutes, the narrator says the E word (emergence), and he just keeps saying it.

I’m prone to let this sort of thing go. Saying a property emerges in the subject of a micro structural description is often a means of stepping over a steaming pile of metaphysics in the path between discussion of the properties of an object’s components, and the properties of the object itself. I can forgive the use of shorthand..

The narrator initially uses this shorthand meaning of emergence. But as things go along, it becomes clear that he also endorses weak emergence. Then he offhandedly states that colors exist in the mind and not in reality, which indicates that he really does have things the wrong way around.

In defense of the narrator, he still isn’t advocating for strong emergence. Strong emergence is the idea that once some threshold condition is met among components of an object, the group of components comprising the object acquires a new property which then takes over the behavior of the object as a whole, and by extension, that object’s components.

This magical event effectively erases, at least temporarily, the properties of the object’s components. While they remain pieces of the whole, they participate in events according to the dictates of the new property. It is only when they fall off the bus, either accidentally, or via our purposeful examination, that they reacquire their individual properties once again.

For instance, neurons generate electrical impulses, regulate their membrane potentials, and secrete paracrine signals until they are gathered in a certain number and arranged in a certain pattern, at which point they exceed the threshold for becoming a mind and begin to do things like experience, think, and remember. As long as we look at the collection of neurons gathered in the threshold number and arrangement, we will see them exemplifying mental properties. If we pull one of the neurons out of the brain or touch a subthreshold group of them with an electrode probe, we see them revert to exemplifying neuronal properties.

Weak emergence differs from the claims above in that it takes those claims to be metaphorical. When we get to the threshold state for the components of an object, we don’t get an actual, new, causal force out of that last brick added to the structure. Instead, it just becomes more convenient to speak of the object as if it had developed such a new property.

In the case of the mind, that would mean that the threshold number and arrangement of neurons simply becomes too difficult to manage descriptively. It makes sense to begin to use mental terminology to describe their collective behavior rather than trying to persist in using neurologic terminology.

In the case of both strong and weak emergence, we generate additional mysteries to solve, and those mysteries appear to be unsolvable. We have no account of how or why threshold conditions are established or met. We have no idea how properties flip on and off in the components and in the designated objects composed by those subunits. The difference between the two positions is that, in weak emergence we have the above difficulties in explaining a metaphor rather than a mechanism.

The root problem however, is not flipping properties. The root problem is the non-relational account inherent in the treatment of objects and their components. We get another glimpse of this inverted view when the narrator of “The Brain” describes colors as constructs of the brain which are absent in reality. If we take the implied structure seriously, then there’s nothing to save neurons from a similar fate. The only difference might be that we have examples of people who live without colors, but no examples of people who live without neurons. However, we do have examples of people who seem happy to live without minds, from solipsists to eliminatrivists.

To clarify, minds are explained by brains which are explained by neurons which are explained by genes. Colors are explained by retinal pigment, neurons, cone cells, and wavelengths of light. The explanations begin with the object in question, and proceed down to the microstructure.

The microstructure doesn’t represent the object like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle or a pile of little homunculi. Instead, the components provide a history of relationships and record of events situating the object of examination in the causal web of space and time.
A couple of examples, in the interest of de-spookifying the statement above. First, take the illustration that the documentary offers for neuronal activity generating consciousness. Our narrator gives the example of the unconscious brain during sleep. In deep sleep, the electrical activity generates a rudimentary waveform on EEG. In REM sleep, when the brain is ostensibly conscious, as well as during wakefulness, the EEG tracing shows a complex waveform. He compares this circumstance to a group of drummers, each initially drumming to their own rhythm. As they listen to each other and begin to coordinate their beats, music emerges.

If the implicit claim really held, John Coltrane wasn’t doing much of anything that any of the rest of us couldn’t do as long as we knew how to work the reed on a saxophone. The drummers can improvise a musical outcome because they understand the object (music) and the components’ (speed and timing of stick strikes on the drum head) relationship to the object composed. That relationship is a series of events involving hearing, drum making skills, proprioceptive experiences and the response of previous brains to frequencies of stick strikes on drum heads. This explains why we can’t play jazz like John Coltrane. We speak of him improvising, but he improvised off of an explanation that situated him in a most musical zone.

More to the point, we can look at the example of neurons and minds itself. Fully developed neurons can’t be placed in a bag, (to borrow from a more gruesome tale offered up by a substance dualist – they are disgusting people), and shaken up to make a brain, much less a mind. The neurons have to go through the developmental process to provide an adequate explanation for the supervening mind. By developmental process, I mean to say the whole history of neuronal development from primordial cells emitting chemical signals in response to changes in membrane polarization to cell migration during gestation, to sensory integration during early childhood. The neurons bear the history of events identified with mental events. The state of affairs is the same as the status of drumsticks and drum heads and drummers regarding music. Those components explain the music because they offer a narrative of events which situates music in the course of events overall. And those specific components pertain to the tune of the day because those components have specific, music related events explaining the components in their turn.

So that’s why I don’t like the E word. When it comes to minds, brains, and neurons, it perpetuates a mystery where there should be none. Worse, it dumbs things down generally, because it substitutes new properties for deep histories.
Problems remain. Dualisms will survive. The hard problem will still wake people in a cold sweat at night (go back to sleep, it’s epiphenomenal). People will still use their minds to insist that we don’t need minds.
Getting rid of the E word solve much.
But it’s a step in the right direction.

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The Crematoria Runners’ Club

Late in the morning, I pass the same people trotting along the path. We are getting away with something. The sun is already over the mountains, and the temperature is rising rapidly. If we don’t get to shelter within the hour, we will burn up from the inside. The next day’s dawn walkers will find us bloating on the side of the trail, or worse, we will have to call for rescue. That is, if we have a phone. I never bring a phone.

I can only answer for why I run at this time of day.

My choice is pragmatic, partially. At some point in the central Arizona summer, it will not cool down at night. To continue to operate in the hottest months, the body must acclimate in preparation for that unrelenting heat.
But my choice also derives from a mild case of misanthropy. In the early hours of the morning, the dilettantes are about. Snowbirds walk their dogs along the trails at that time. Dieters who graduate from the contemplation stage to the action stage in their weight loss journey, turn out for their therapeutic rambles right after sunrise.

Dilettantes are friendly. It goes with the low commitment mentality. I don’t want to have to greet them or to detour around them on the trail. I don’t dislike them; I just don’t want to break my stride. So, I run when the heat has driven them away.

None of the other runners says hello in passing. Each makes a slight detour to pass the other on the trail. Everyone is concentrating. No one is smiling. Our club is not social. This is true to the extent that no one is following the same route, and when we pass each other, it is on the way to our own, individual paths.

My path leads up a wash sandwiched between two expensive housing developments. Preserved to prevent flash flooding in the communities, the wash now serves as a sort of terrarium for the exclusive houses which fence in the watercourse on either side.

I can hear the homeowners sometimes as I run, chatting as they enjoy a leisurely late breakfast on their back patios. The activities of their households echo in the wash as well – the sound of water filling their pools, the drone of leaf blowers wielded by landscape staff, the rumbling engines of their pickup trucks.

They don’t bother me, because they strictly ignore me. I share a status with the rattlesnakes, coyotes, javelina, and occasional bobcats who come down the wash. Though viewed with distaste, such creatures are tolerable as long as they stay in the terrarium.

As I run, more desirable fauna scatter before me. A few of these are rodents, (Western ground squirrels and desert rabbits), but most are birds. Flying from the tree branches are Rose finches and hummingbirds. On the ground, a roadrunner will occasionally dash across the trail. But mostly, California Quail break cover and run as I approach.

I like roadrunners. They are fast and agile. They have little fear and are driven by curiosity.

I despise the Quail. On this subject, my opinion is at odds with the majority judgment, which holds these birds in high esteem. However, the majority’s opinion is profoundly superficial at base.

The Quail have beautiful plumage, with very distinctive markings around their eyes and chest and a feather bobble which sprouts from the center of their head and hangs over between their eyes. Their calls are loud and emotive. They are handsome birds, but they are abject cowards

Despite excellent camouflage, they haven’t the gumption to hide. Even rabbits do better at freezing in the face of an oncoming threat. And once the quail lose their heads and flee, they flee in a pitiful fashion. They zigzag, but not with the head fakes and hard turns expected from an animal juking for its life. They change directions in a weak and indecisive pattern associated with sheer panic. They forget that they can fly, relying on whatever speed their stubby little legs can generate. Only when they would certainly be caught, does instinct takeover to deploy their wings. Worst of all, if chicks are trailing the adults during one of these stampedes, the adults will abandoned their offspring straightaway, either on foot or in the air.

Nor are the quail merely thralls to their fear. They are prone to indulge any impulse to its logical conclusion. There is a flock of quail which frequents the outdoor tables at the Desert Botanical Gardens snack bar. Their human admirers have fed these birds on scraps until the quail have lost all fear, and live only in anticipation of the next potato chip. They cluster around the chairs within easy reach of anyone with bad intent. They are so fat now, that they have lost the ability to fly.

By the time I reach the top of the wash, the quail, along with all the rest, have sought shelter in the underbrush as the desert simmers. The trail carries on up a steep hillside. I turn around at the top of the slope and start back. Now it grows hotter by the minute, but I cannot hurry or I will begin to generate more heat than I can dissipate. I don’t pass anything or anyone on the way back down. The club has disbanded.

They say that this will all end soon, because of the car that I drive to the trailhead and the heat pump that cools my hiding place from the furnace outside. Day by day it will just keep getting warmer until living in the valley becomes impossible.
Everyone that can will have to sell out and become a Snowbird. The rest will have to make do. Whatever else may follow, no one knows. The only sure thing is: drive, run, or fly, we are not going to get out of the terrarium.

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Body and Soul

“You can kill my body, but you cannot kill my spirit.”

 - Bo Diddley

I love that song. I play it on the way home from every big day, whether I have succeeded or failed.

Today I failed. I didn’t even make it to the crag. Something is happening to me, and I am not sure what it is. I shake. My back is in pain. My muscles lock up. All these things happen in the course of normal activity. If I can just get to the stone, and put my hands on the holds, everything gets better. I get back fluid movement.
But I can’t get to the stone. The course of normal activity is in my way.

I fear that I may end up like Fred Becky. He lived to climb, and did hundreds, if not thousands of first ascents in the Cascades, and all over the world. He continued to climb until he was in his 80s. In the final years, he made backcountry forays in mountain ranges all over the world. He often struggled to get to the base of climbs, and for the most part, he did not end up climbing. Nevertheless, he dragged his bones back to the mountains again and again. Video footage of some of these endeavors exists, and it is clear from the images that he was struggling, and suffering all the way.

I used to think that his efforts were heroic. Now, I think he exemplified an element of the human condition which our old poets referenced in the tales of Prometheus and Sisyphus.
Fred couldn’t help himself any more than those mythical figures could help themselves.
The problem, for Prometheus, Sisyphus, and Fred was, of course, that the spirit can die.

The eagle eating your liver isn’t the real issue. The real issue is that your liver keeps growing back. The rock rolling down the hill isn’t the truth. The truth is your own, inescapable compulsion to push it back up.

The spirit dies with each peck and each bound of the boulder. Unlike the body, it is easy to kill. It will die over almost nothing. The catch is: it keeps coming back. It snaps back in an instant and sends you back to the bottom of the hill and prepares you for the eagle’s next visit.

I will drive back home. I will wake up tomorrow morning without having asked for it. I will do some pull-ups and climb on plastic as if I were training for something. Some onlookers may think this is admirable, others may think it is sad. From the inside, it just is.
The religions are wrong about what we go through. There is no heaven. There is no hell. There is no samsara. Those are views from the outside.
Maybe next weekend, I will get my hands on those holds. But I will act just the same, between now and then, as long as I live.

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For Anyone

…who believes that, “we have more cases because we have more testing”.

Testing for an infectious disease is like counting the number of balloons in a dark room by tossing darts through the doorway. Say you throw 10 darts in the room and hear two pops. There is still a good chance that a number of balloons remain uncounted. But if you throw 40 darts in the room and hear two pops, the likelihood of a two-balloon scenario soars. When the rate of pops drops below a certain proportion, you can be sure that you have counted most of the balloons in the room. A low percentage of positive tests is what you’re after.
Once you have established the adequacy of your testing, you can sort out what the results reveal about containment. The raw numbers don’t tell you that much. In the case of national case counts, it is reasonable to expect a country with a large population to experience higher numbers than a country with a small population given similar degrees of disease containment. A true measure of containment is cases per population, or in our analogy, how crowded the room is with balloons.
So when a pinhead like Trump says that we have more cases because we have more testing, that standalone statement is pure bull shit. What’s worse, it’s a distraction from what really indicates the adequacy of our understanding of the outbreak’s extent and the effectiveness of our efforts to contain it: percent positive tests and infections per population.

How is the US doing?

Top of the heap with >15,000 cases/1 million persons (European Centers for Disease Control)

Percent positive tests: 7.9 (an adequate percentage is less than 5%)

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